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Perhaps you are playing a naughty nurse and her patient, and you need to see if your patient is having troubles with orgasms. Well, the best way to check this is to see what 'happens' when a penis pump is used. Hmmmm, how does that feel? Or then the other role play you can use is police and bad guy (or girl). You’ll have to use some cuffs to restrain the criminal and then examine him or her for hidden weapons. Of course, you might think that a vibrator (which makes a good hidden weapon by the way) will get the female criminal to talk a little easier. Bring her to peaks and valleys of pleasure, but not to the ultimate climax until she confesses all. And then want to be bad all over again. Of course, if you have a maid scenario, you can also be a master of toys that you need to test on her, or that she needs to use on you. That sounds like fun—toymaker and test subject. I wouldn’t mind that one at all. Product testing at its best. Doing it for yourself A hot game that a lot of couples like to try is mutual masturbation with sex toys. As men are the visual gender, they love to watch a woman use a vibrator on herself. But that doesn’t mean that the man is left to drool, he can use a penis pump at the same time. See who has an orgasm first. Or last. Who can wait it out? The alternative to this game is that one person could find a remote control vibrator or other discreet vibrator for their partner to use. Play the game of ‘who knows when it will turn on’ with the remote control. It’s sure to create sexual tension. Or with the mini vibrator you can give your partner a schedule of times to use it, as well as places. Do it out in the open for a great rush. Dark parking garages are always hot, or have your partner use it while they drive to meet you. Wet with anticipation is the key. Don’t allow the partner to orgasm until you want them to. Or when you want to watch. Of course, there are some people (you know who you are) who have an active fantasy life and can use sex toys to get pleasure when you’re by yourself. Close your eyes, pinch and caress your breasts or chest, imagine that special person and then taunt yourself with a vibrator or a penis sleeve while you sink into the pillow screaming your own name. When in cuffs… Sex toys and bondage is the ultimate combination. With a helpless partner, you have a whole bunch of tools of pleasure at your disposal to use. Fasten their arms and legs in cuffs and then see how many times and ways you can pleasure them. Vibrators are essential, but put on a blindfold to heighten the experience. They’re never know they’re/it’s coming. You can also use a little anal play in the bondage game. Use the vibrator and an anal plug at the same time for a filling good time. The effect is amazing. And who can resist a little spank with a paddle or whip when you have the person tied on their stomach? For a the more adventurous Other sex toys can be as simple as a feather to create anticipation without any release. Run the feather over the blindfolded person’s body (in bondage or not) for a stunning effect. If you like a little pain mixed with your pleasure, nipple clamps can be just the thing to hurt so good. The slightest tug on these clamps will create a rush of blood to the nipples and intensify the pleasure. These come with a feather too! Sex toys can be used in a variety of ways and areas. It’s really your imagination that guides you. And don’t forget the lube to keep the play going for hours. For more information about lingerie please have a look at this link: Cheap Trashy Lingerie | Exotic Lingerie top rated penis enhancement pills penis enlargement pills magna rx free pennis enlargement technique pennis enlargement surgeries medical penis enargement penis enlargment system do penile enlargment pills work penis enlagement pills product

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Medically speaking, and also by some studies, there is a strong case for keeping the penis intact. Is circumcision a good idea or not? There is a case for circumcision, and it is based on a study done by this author with 46 men, circumcised after their 25th year. The Survey The men who participated in the survey were all mature men over 25 years of age, have had sex with and without circumcision, and were able to comment directly on the difference in sexual gratification, illness, and proclivity to masturbate. Of the 46 men, 31 were recent converts to the Jewish faith, 19 to Islam, and 6 had the procedure done for medical reasons. The Survey Questions: 1. Is your sexual experience (a) greater, (b) the same, (c) less, after circumcision? 2. Have you noticed any difference in your incidence of genital infections since your circumcision? (a) less, (b) more, (c) no change. 3. If you masturbate, has circumcision (a) made no change in your masturbating habits, (b) you masturbate less, or (c) masturbate more. The Results Question #1 was answered by 32 men (a), 10 men (b), and 4 men (c) Question #2 was answered by 35 men (a) 0 men (b) 11 men (c) Question #3 was answered by 23 men (a) 20 men (b) 3 men (c) The Results Interpreted On question #1, an overwhelming majority agreed the sexual experience was more than before circumcision. This is a very subjective question, and to compare, a man would have to had sex with and without a prepuce. No amount of conjecture on the nature of the prepuce can supplant the opinion of those who had it and then did not. The fact that approx 70% said that their sexual experience was greater without a prepuce is significant. The fact that 91% said that is was greater or the same is very significant as a case for circumcision. On question #2 the same majorities exist, and even a stronger case for circumcision is made. Using the studies and reasons for not circumcising men are fairly well refuted here. Question #3 is not very clear, as the men’s masturbating habits are not clearly defined. An old excuse for circumcision is that it would discourage men from masturbating, but this question seems only to have determined that recently circumcised men either masturbate the same as they used to (before circumcision) or less. This would tend to confirm one reason for circumcision. Conclusions While the above survey does not follow scientific method in its strictest form, it does have something to say from men who knew the situation before circumcision and then afterwards. You can certainly make up your own mind as to the conclusions, but statistically, it would seem that circumcision is a good idea, rather than a negative one. It appears the circumcised men are enjoying their sexual experiences more than they used to, are healthier, and if they masturbate, are still masturbating. penis enargement without pills vimax penis enlargement tip vimax herbal penis enlargement penis enhancement supplement top penis enlargement pill vimax best penis enlargement prosolution penis enlargement pills enlargement forum free matter penile size penis enlarement herb

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Textured technologies have their presence in everyday products, from steel body panels and bearings to book covers and quilted toilet paper. The desired surface texture can be achieved by a number of processes but each has disadvantages, limiting extensive introduction. Enduring crimps, coils, loops or other fine distortions along the lengths of the filaments are presented by a textured yarn, a constant filament yarn that has been treated. Heat setting in a twisted condition can texture the yarns manufactured from thermoplastic materials, while nonthermoplastic yarns can be textured by "air jet texturing" or "air texturing", wherein a forceful air flow is used to shape knotted loops in the filaments. The outcome will be a yarn with greater bulk, higher stretch and more beautiful properties. With the use of compressed air, air textured yarns are manufactured from thermoplastic, cellulosic or non-organic filament yarns. Air textured yarns are supplied a huge quality with loops created on the surface of the filament yarn. The loop arrangement, which relies on the material used, ends in a yarn with features like those of typical staple-fibre yarn. The manufactured yarns are used for sewing thread applications, apparel fabrics, fancy yarn articles, automotive interior fittings, and home furnishing fabrics, carpets, fire blankets and a variety of other applications. Let us now discuss major techniques used in texturing. . False-twist texturing . Texturing by a cold air-jet . Texturing by a hot air-jet and a stuffer box . Other marginal techniques. Most textured yarns are false twist textured. Following write-up will tell about false twisting and the reason why it has been such an incredible success. First it will deal with the real twist texturing and then concludes with a note of speeds that can be reached using false twist texturing. S and Z twist are different altogether S and Z twist means real twist in the yarn and they are poles apart from each other; at the same time there is little difference between them. One yarn has been twisted into the opposite direction of the other yarn. Essentially, one yarn reflects what other possesses. Since S-twisted yarn will look in a fabric unlike a Z-twisted yarn, this difference is very important. The "Real Twist" texturing principle Thermo structure of real twisted yarn is allowed by the thermoplastic properties of synthetic yarn. Back-twisting of this yarn creates twistless yarn, in which the helix formation of the previously resulted in a twistless yarn was still visible. It is a remarkable development that the clear crimps of genuine wool or cotton in each individual filament give this yarn a look of natural fibres. Stufferbox crimps the filaments and then cuts them into staple length and spins them on a traditional machine into a spun yarn, a procedure enabling a filament yarn to look like a spun yarn. This process saves the time spent after spinning filaments endlessly. The production steps are as follows: Twisting on (two for one) twisters Autoclave steam stetting Back twisting Cone winding The False-Twist texturing Just imagine that an elastic band is held between two clamps and then twist this band by turning it in the centre. You can notice real twist on left and right side. But each side is twisted into the opposite direction. One side is S, the other side is Z-twisted. Both sides have equal number of twists. All the twist will vanish on releasing the twisting point. This was 'false twist created by you. False twist principle is being applied by all contemporary texturing machines. Dynamics of false twisting Imagine a drawing with the yarn twisted into two twisted directions and try to visualize the yarn to be endless. Replace the fixed clamps with feed rolls. When the yarn is moved from left to right with the peg in the twisted yarn bundle, the twist on the right side would be moved and then would fade away but the left side would continue to be twisted. All false twist-texturing machines are based on this effect. A peg generates a definite twist stop, and therefore friction disks are better options, which execute the same and have the benefit of rotating the yarn. When the procedure is begun, the twisted yarn on the right side is removed to rubbish but the twist on the left hand side continues. If the yarn breaks, the twisted yarn on the left hand side also goes to trash. If the twist were counted in both wasted ends, it would be accurately the same but in the opposite twist direction. Miles of superior quality textured yarn is manufactured between the two waste ends. Reason behind the success of false twisting Real twist texturing was very time-consuming and laborious. With the launch of false twisting, the process speeds of twist texturing accelerated from a few meters per minute to production speeds of more than 1000 m/min. Bulked Continuous Filament Unbroken threads of nylon are created into yarn. These threads are texturised to enhance their bulk and to modify from straight into twisted or bent fibre. Twist You can make the carpet pile more flexible by winding each carpet fibre around itself. The carpet resistance against crushing, matting and changing of texture is in proportion to the tightness of twist. Heat Setting To process the fibre with heat, it is locked in the twist after it is twisted. The procedure will create carpet fibres, which cannot be disentangled or squeezed under heavy foot fabric. Tufting After getting fed through needles, the heat-set fibre is stitched or tufted into the primary carpet backing. Amount of yarn used and closeness of the tufts to one another determine the density of carpet. Dyeing The tufted carpet is soaked in liquid dye then processed with a fixation solution and dried. Here the needs on air interlacing depend on the technique of process. The 1-stage process, which is also called On-Line-Process and interlaces mono, duo, or tri-colour yarns, demands 30 to 40 hard knots per meter. These yarns are used directly in tufting. The 2-stage procedure, which is also called as Off-Line-Process, necessitates 15 to 25 soft knots for further processing in Heat Setting, Co-Mingling or Tufting. Air-Texturing This machine contains supply yarn creel, an appropriate winding head fixed with yarn transport together with an additional pair of feed rolls and an air jet interjected. Air texturing machines have two conventional categories: Machines with individual drives and Machines with headstock having motors, drives and shafts at each place. Since the machines are capable of treating large number of yarns and the each machine position can be fixed to manufacture a different yarn, machines with individual drives have become the standard in modern air jet technology. Aside from the few advances in winding technology used in air-texturing machinery and the technique of water application, the progress of air-texturing over the years has been relied on the growth of air-jet nozzle technology. Newer nozzles have led to the processing of a wider range of yarns at greater processing speeds, lower energy consumptions and lower noise levels. Fibreguide Ltd., England, has increased and developed its scope of single and multi-position interlacing air jets. The range now consists of 11 different air-jet types, including Detorque, Detorque with interlace and oil dispersion jets. In addition, the company offers a wide range of Interlace jets for the production of all types of continuous filament yarns, ranging from micro-denier yarns up to BCF and industrial applications. Low-noise jet enclosures have also been introduced to enhance the interlacing performances of the multi-position FG2M and FG10M air-jet units, as well as the individual FG4 Jet. Air texturing up to 1,000 m/min: the technology rise Unlike false twist texturing with the speeds of up to 1200 m/mn, the speeds of air texturing until now at about 400 m/mn, in some cases up to 500 m/mn, lagged clearly behind. This made gainful air texturing of fine yarn counts unable to go beyond 100 dtex till now. With the new jet core Series-S. Due to the well-researched geometry of the yarn channel, the speed of airflow through the jet could again be accelerated considerably. Texturing speeds could still be accelerated further because tests with developments in the circumstances close to the process and application of jet cores Series - S proved this. The primary manufacturing speed with Jet Cores S315 for core / effect operation with feeder yarns of dtex 22 - 250, is about 750 m/min, if a post heater is used to relax the unnecessary filament loops. Supplementary hot plates or heated godets before the jet, and a rise in the air pressure up to a maximum of 12 bar, facilitate further rise of the texturing speed up to 1,000 m/min. Yarns from S-cores display equally distributed loop formations and almost no propensity to flames. These yarns create a very smooth fabric look. From the very beginning, the S-Cores have been a hit and are in growing demand. In 1999 their share of Heberlein's total deliveries already reached 35%. S-Jets make possible both higher production speeds and enlargement of range of applications for air-textured yarns. Because of cost reasons, success already emerge in the fine yarn count segment wherein air textured yarns had no opportunity until now. Fashionable yarn mixtures are well recognized for ladies wear, sports wear and specialities for technical applications. Air-textured yarns with ease elasticity made from slightly stretchy feeder yarns are hot topics. Conclusion In the field of air interlacing, jets with better presentation can be anticipated. On one hand, they will fulfil the needs of accelerating process speeds, and on the other hand will take care of escalating process permanence. Opportunities are open for them to minimise a number of extra processing phases. Besides using compressed air, other means like steam will be applied because these will allow the beginning of necessary new consequences. In terms of air jet texturing, it is advisable that faster air texturing machinery will be offered to make use of the high-speed air texturing jets. Other than new machines themselves, supplementary parts like heating and higher compressed air source will have to be used to enable texturing speeds of more than 1,000 m/min. The high suppleness of the air texturing procedure helps individual drive units. Great attempts are exerted to minimise the cost per position, which is more likely with shaft machines, at this time. In the near future the recently reached speed level must be, first of all, converted into practice and process stability must be increased on these machines. Thanks to the high flexibility of the air texturing process with an application range from approx. 22 to 18,000 dtex, and the possibility to process practically all kinds of filament yarns, not to mention the great number of yarn combinations that are possible, further market expansion can be expected. The level of the market increase for air-textured yarns will depend considerably on the development of additional areas of end-uses. Very big, and almost not yet utilized opportunities are in applications with new feeder yarns. Examples of new, strongly progressing yarns are slightly elastic multi-filament yarns, as well as fine filament counts up to dtex 22, that only now have become interesting from a cost point of view, thanks to faster texturing jets. Pre-dominant applications of these yarns are in the areas of hosiery, ladies wear, sports and leisurewear, but also in textile automotive linings. vimax penis enlargement review vimax penis enlargement tip herbal penis enlagement penis enlagement vimax penis enlargement tip vimax free penis enlargement tip prosolution penile enlargement pills buy pnis enlargement pills penis enlarement herb

Introduction The Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) has governed international trade in textiles and clothing since 1974. The MFA enabled developed nations, mainly the USA, European Union and Canada to restrict imports from developing countries through a system of quotas. The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) to abolish MFA quotas marked a significant turnaround in the global textile trade. The ATC mandated progressive phase out of import quotas established under MFA, and the integration of textiles and clothing into the multilateral trading system before January 2005. The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing ATC is a transitory regime between the MFA and the integration of trading in textiles and clothing in the multilateral trading system. The ATC provided for a stage-wise integration process to be completed within a period of ten years (1995-2004), divided into four stages starting with the implementation of the agreement in 1995. The product groups from which products were to be integrated at each stage of the integration included (i) tops and yarns; (ii) fabrics; (iii) made-up textile products; and (iv) clothing. The ATC mandated that importing countries must integrate a specified minimum portion of their textile and garment exports based on total volume of trade in 1990, at the start of each phase of integration. In the first stage, each country was required to integrate 16 percent of the total volume of imports of 1990, followed by a further 17 percent at the end of first three year and another 18 percent at the end of third stage. The fourth stage would see the final integration of the remaining 49 percent of trade. Global Trade in Textile and Clothing World trade in textiles and clothing amounted to US $ 385 billion in 2003, of which textiles accounted for 43 percent (US $ 169 bn) and the remaining 57 percent (US $ 226 bn) for clothing. Developed countries accounted for little over one-third of world exports in textiles and clothing. The shares of developed countries in textiles and clothing trade were estimated to be 47 percent (US $ 79 bn) and 29 percent, (US $ 61 bn) respectively. Import Trends in USA In 1990, restrained or MFA countries contributed as much as 87 percent (US $ 29.3 bn) of total US textile and clothing imports, whereas Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) and ANDEAN countries together contributed 13 percent (US $ 4.4 bn). Thereafter, there has been a decline in exports by restrained countries; the share of preferential regions more than doubled to reach 30 percent (US $ 26.9 bn) of total imports by USA. The composition of imports of clothing and textiles by USA in 2003 was 80 percent (US $ 71 bn) and 20 percent (US $ 18 bn), respectively. Asia was the principal sourcing region for imports of both textiles and clothing by USA. Latin American region stood at second position with a share of 12 percent (US $ 2.2 bn) and 26 percent (US $ 18.5 bn), respectively, for textiles and clothing imports, by USA. In most of the quota products imported by USA, India was one of the leading suppliers of readymade garments in USA. Though China is a biggest competitor, the unit prices of China for most of these product groups were high and thus provide opportunities for Indian business. Import Trends in EU EU overtook USA as the world's largest market for textiles and clothing. Intra-EU trade accounted for about 40 percent (US $ 40 bn) of total clothing imports and 62 percent (US $ 32.5 bn) of total textile imports by EU. Asia dominates EU market in both clothing and textiles, with 30 percent (US $ 30 bn) and 17 percent (US $ 8 bn) share, respectively. Central and East European countries hold a market share of 11 percent (US $ 11.3 bn) in clothing and 7.5 percent (US $ 4 bn) in textiles imports of EU. As regards preferential suppliers, the growth of trade between EU and Mediterranean countries, especially Egypt and Turkey, was highest in 2003. As regards individual countries, China accounted for little over 5 percent (US $ 2.8 bn) of EU's imports of textiles and over 12 percent (US $ 12.4 bn) of clothing imports. In the EU market also, India is a leading supplier for many of the textile products. It is estimated that Turkey would emerge as a biggest competitor for both India and China. However, with regard to unit prices, India appears to be lower than both Turkey and China in many of the categories. Import Trends in Canada Amongst the leading suppliers of textiles and clothing to Canada, USA had the highest share of over 31 percent (US $ 8.4 bn), followed by China (21% - US $ 1.8 bn) and EU (8% - US $ 0.6 bn). India was ranked at fourth position and was ahead of other exporters like Mexico, Bangladesh and Turkey, with a market share of 5.2 percent (US $ 0.45 bn). Potential Gains It may be noted that clothing sector would offer higher gains than the textile sector, in the post MFA regime. Countries like Mexico, CBI countries, many of the African countries emerged as exporters of readymade garments without having much of textile base, utilizing the preferential tariff arrangement under the quota regime. Besides, countries like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Cambodia emerged as garment exporters due to cost factors, in addition to the quota benefits. It may be said that countries like China, USA, India, Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Turkey have resource based advantages in cotton; China, India, Vietnam and Brazil have resource based advantages in silk; Australia, China, New Zealand and India have resource based advantages in wool; China, India, Indonesia, Taiwan, Turkey, USA, Korea and few CIS countries have resource based advantages in manmade fibers. In addition, China, India, Pakistan, USA, Indonesia has capacity based advantages in the textile spinning and weaving. China is cost competitive with regard to manufacture of textured yarn, knitted yarn fabric and woven textured fabric. Brazil is cost competitive with regard to manufacture of woven ring yarn. India is cost competitive with regard to manufacture of ring-yarn, O-E yarn, woven O-E yarn fabric, knitted ring yarn fabric and knitted O-E yarn fabric. According to Werner Management Consultants, USA, the hourly wage costs in textile industry is very high for many of the developed countries. Even in developing economies like Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Turkey and Mauritius, the hourly wage is higher as compared to India, China, Pakistan and Indonesia. From the above analysis, it may be concluded that China, India, Pakistan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Brazil, Indonesia, Turkey and Egypt would emerge as winners in the post quota regime. The market losers in the short term (1-2 years) would include CBI countries, many of the sub-Saharan African countries, Asian countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. The market losers in the long term (by 2014) would include high cost producers, like EU, USA, Canada, Mexico, Japan and many east Asian countries. The determinants of increase / decrease in market share in the medium term would however depend upon the cost, quality and timely Review of Indian Textiles and Clothing Industry The textiles and garments industry is one of the largest and most prominent sectors of Indian economy, in terms of output, foreign exchange earnings and employment generation. Indian textile industry is multi-fiber based, using delivery. In the long run, there are possibilities of contraction in intra-EU trade in textile and garments, reduction of market share of Turkey in EU and market share of Mexico and Canada in USA, and thus provide more opportunities for developing countries like India. It is estimated that in the short term, both China and India would gain additional market share proportionate to their current market share. In the medium term, however, India and China would have a cumulative market share of 50 percent, in both textiles and garment imports by USA. It is estimated that India would have a market share of 13.5 percent in textiles and 8 percent in garments in the USA market. With regard to EU, it is estimated that the benefits are mainly in the garments sector, with China taking a major share of 30 percent and India gaining a market share of 8 percent. The potential gain in the textile sector is limited in the EU market considering the proposed further enlargement of EU. It is estimated that India would have a market share of 8 percent in EU textiles market as against the China's market share of 12 percent. Review of Indian textiles and Clothing Industry The textiles and garments industry is one of the largest and most prominent sectors of Indian economy, in terms of output, foreign exchange earnings and employment generation. Indian textile industry is multi-fiber based, using cotton, jute, wool, silk and mane made and synthetic fibers. In the spinning segment, India has an installed capacity of around 40 million spindles (23% of world), 0.5 million rotors (6% of world). In the weaving segment, India is equipped with 1.80 million shuttle looms (45% of world), 0.02 million shuttle less looms (3% of world) and 3.90 million handlooms (85% of world). The organised mill (spinning) sector recorded a significant growth during the last decade, with the number of spinning mills increasing from 873 to 1564 by end March 2004. The organised sector accounts for production of almost all of spun yarn, but only around 4 percent of total fabric production. In other words, there are little over 200 composite mills in India leaving the production of fabric and processing to the decentralised small weaving and processing firms. The Indian apparel sector is estimated to have over 25000 domestic manufacturers, 48000 fabricators and around 4000 manufacturer-exporters. Cotton apparel accounts for the majority of Indian apparel exports. Textiles and Garments Exports from India The share of textiles and garments exports in India's total exports in the year 2003-04 stood at about 20 percent, amounting to US $ 12.5 billion. The quota countries, USA, EU and Canada accounted for nearly 70 percent of India's garments exports and 44 percent of India's textile exports. Amongst non-quota countries, UAE is the largest market for Indian textiles and garments; UAE accounted for 7 percent of India's total textile exports and 10 percent of India's garments exports. In terms of products, cotton yarn, fabrics and made-ups are the leading export items in the textile category. In the clothing category, the major item of exports was cotton readymade garments and accessories. However, in terms of share in total imports by EU and USA from India, these products hold relatively lesser share than products made of other fibers, thus showing the restrain in this category. Critical Factors that Need Attention Though India is one of the major producers of cotton yarn and fabric, the productivity of cotton as measured by yield has been found to be lower than many countries. The level of productivity in China, Turkey and Brazil is over 1 tonne / ha., while in India it is only about 0.3 tonne / ha. In the manmade fiber sector, India is ranked at fifth position in terms of capacity. However, the capacity and technology infusion in this sector need to be further enhanced in view of the changing fiber consumption in the world. It may be mentioned that the share of cotton in world fiber demand declined from around 50 percent (14.7 mn tons) in 1982 to around 38 percent (20.12 mn tons) in 2003, while the share of manmade fiber has increased from 44 percent (13.10 mn tons) to around 60 percent (31.76 mn tons) over the same period. Apart from low cost labour, other factors that are having impact on final consumer cost are relative interest cost, power tariff, structural anomalies and productivity level (affected by technological obsolescence). A study by International Textile Manufacturers Federation revealed high power costs in India as compared to other countries like Brazil, China, Italy, Korea, Turkey and USA. Percentage share of power in total cost of production in spinning, weaving and knitting of ring and O-E yarn for India ranged from 10 percent to 17 percent, which is also higher than that of countries like Brazil, Korea and China. Percentage share of capital cost in total production cost in India was also higher ranging from 20 percent to 29 percent as compared to a range of 12 to 26 percent in China. In India, very few exporters have gone in for integrated production facility. It is noted that countries that would emerge as globally competitive would have significantly consolidated supply chain. For instance, competitor countries like Korea, China, Turkey, Pakistan and Mexico have a consolidated supply chain. In contrast, apart from spinning, the rest of the activities like weaving, processing, made-ups and garmenting are all found to be fragmented in India. Besides, the level of technology in the Indian weaving sector is low compared to other countries of the world. The share of shuttle less looms to total loomage in India is 1.8% as compared to Indonesia (10%), Bangladesh (10%), Sri Lanka (12%), China (14%) and Mexico (29%). The supply chain in this industry is not only highly fragmented but is beset with bottlenecks that could very well slow down the growth of this sector. As a result the average delivery lead times (from procurement to fabrication and shipment of garments) still takes about 45-60 days. With international lead delivery times coming down to 30-35 days, India needs to cut down the production cycle time substantially to stay in the market. Besides, erratic supply of power and water, availability of adequate road connectivity, inadequacies in port facilities and other export infrastructure have been adversely affecting the competitiveness of Indian textiles sector. Conclusions It is believed the quota regime has frozen the market share, providing export opportunities even for high cost producers. Thus, in the free trade regime, the pattern of imports in the quota countries would undergo changes. The issues that would govern the market share in the post quota regime would eventually be productivity, raw material base, quality, cost of inputs, including labour, design skills and operation of economies of scale. It is believed that quotas, by limiting the supply of goods have kept export prices artificially high. Thus, it is estimated that there would be price war in the post quota regime, with competitive price cuts. The price and quantity effects would depend on the efficiency in production process, supply chain management and the price elasticity of demand. Due to the expected fall in prices, developing countries with high production cost have little choice but to compete head-on with the biggest low cost suppliers. In this process, it is presumed that there would be better resource reallocation in these economies. It is assumed that quota restrictions would continue beyond 2005 in various forms. It is also widely recognized that removal of quota may not directly provide easy and unrestricted access to developed country markets. There would be non-tariff barriers as well. Standards related to health, safety, environment, quality of work life and child labour would gain further momentum in international trade in textiles and clothing. Strategies and Recommendations Cost competitiveness in Indian garments sector has been restrained by limited scale operations, obsolete technology and reservation under SSI policies. While retaining its traditional cost advantages of home grown cotton and low cost labour, India needs to sharpen its competitive edge by lowering the cost of operations through efficient use of production inputs and scale operations. Besides, there are needs for rationalization of charges, levies related to usage of export logistics to remain cost competitive. As fallout to the quota regime, there would be consolidation of production and restriction on supplying countries, which would necessarily mean improved scale operations. Indian players should also integrate to achieve operating leverage and demonstrate high bargaining power. It is reported that Chinese textile firms have already invested heavily to expand and grab huge market share in the quota free world. In India, organised players in this sector would require huge investments to remain competitive in the quota free world. These players need to expand and integrate vertically to achieve scale operations and introduce new technologies. It is estimated that the industry would require Rs. 1.5 trillion (US $ 35 billion) new capital investment in the next ten years (by 2014) to lap the potential export opportunities of US $ 70 billion. It is estimated that USA and EU together would offer a market of US $ 42 billion for Indian textiles and garments in 2014. Technology would play a lead role in the weaving and processing, which would improve quality and productivity levels. Innovations would also be happening in this sector, as many developed countries would innovate new generation machineries that are likely to have low manual interface and power cost. Indian textile industry should also turn into high technology mode to reap the benefits of scale operations and quality. Foreign investments coupled with foreign technology transfer would help the industry to turn into high-tech mode. Internationally, trading in textile and garment sector is concentrated in the hands of large retail firms. Majority of them are looking for few vendors with bulk orders and hence opting for vertically integrated companies. Thus, there is need for integrating the operations in India also, from spinning to garment making, to gain their attention. This would also bring down the turn around time and improve quality. Indian players should also improve upon their soft skills, viz., design capabilities, textile technology, management and negotiating skills. Garment manufacturing business is order driven. It would be difficult for the players to keep the workforce full time, even in lean season. This calls for changes in contract labour laws. Logistics and supply chain would also play a crucial role as timely delivery would be an important requirement for success in international trade. The logistics and supply chain management of Indian textile firms are relatively weak and needs improvement and efficiency. China has already created a world class export infrastructure. Given the volume of projections for exports by India, it may be necessary to create additional export infrastructure, especially investment for modernization of ports. In addition, India needs to invest for creating brand equity, supply chain management and apparel industry education. To sum up, the ability of Indian textile industry to take advantage of quota phase-out would depend upon their ability to enhance overall competitiveness through exploitation of economies of scale in manufacturing and supply chain. The need of the hour therefore is to evolve a well chalked out strategy, aimed at improvement in the levels of productivity and efficiency, quality control, faster product innovation, quick response to changes in consumer preferences and the ability to move up in the value chain by building brand names and acquiring channels of distribution so as to outweigh the advantages of competitors in the long run. Source: Export-Import Bank of India, India.